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Sabtu, 11 Juni 2011

Why Sex Scandals Matter for the Market

Why Sex Scandals Matter for the Market

The following post was provided by Minyanville and published with author's permission.
The leaders coming out of a crisis are rarely the same as those who enter it. That's true for corporate America and it applies to many of the folks high up on the societal pedestal.
In the summer of 2007, Minyanville openly asked if the fall from grace of well-known icons such as Paris Hilton, Lindsay Lohan, and Britney Spears was indicative of the shifting social mood and might be predictive for financial markets.

The notion seems silly on its face; the obsession with the whereabouts of a trio of social starlets couldn't be further removed from the inner-workings of Wall Street. We pondered the question, however, as social mood and risk appetites shape financial markets; sure enough, a major top transpired a few months later.
A chasm of discord has again emerged in American society. It's evident in the great divide between the "haves" and "have nots," red states and blue states, and Main Street and Wall Street. Moreover, high-profile scandal makers such as Anthony Weiner, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn may suggest that the socionomic tide is turning anew.

Early last year, Peter Atwater of Minyanville offered:
As we enter 2010, please review investment holdings with the growing wave of populism in mind. I anticipate that in the year ahead, the phrase "For those to whom much has been given much is expected" will take on new meaning.
Fast-forward to today; financial services, health care companies, and energy concerns are widely perceived as "evil" through a mainstream lens. From the bulls-eye on the back of "fat cat" bankers to tough talk on the beltway -- the White House vowed last year to keep a "boot on the neck of British Petroleum (BP)" -- it's hard not to notice the forward path of the wrath.

Minyanville has long warned of the "tricky tri-fecta" of societal acrimony, social unrest, and geopolitical conflict. Between the Tea Party uprising, European riots, and the spring of discontent percolating in the Middle East, it's safe to say that we're migrating across that unenviable spectrum.

At what point does an industrialist become a robber baron? Or a savvy speculator a profiteer? At what point does success become privilege? The answers to these questions have profound implications for the future of free-market capitalism in a finance-based global economy. If we don't stem this progression, the bottom line of our bank accounts may be the least of our concerns.

One of the great misperceptions in financial market history is that The Crash caused The Great Depression when in reality the roles were reversed. While public psychology can be manipulated for extended periods of time, free will can never be caged and the attendant social mood will shape behavioral patterns, and by extension our financial decision-making processes.

Financial markets have morphed into a matter of national security and we must respect the motivated agendas of central bankers around the world. When the German Chancellor declares war on speculators and the Greek government hints at legal recourse against stateside financial institutions, we would be wise to respect the unexpected and appreciate the unintended consequences that may follow.
Doing the math -- not only abroad but with regard to the state of our states -- upward taxation and austerity measures won't cut it, although we'll see aggressive efforts in those regards, neither of which is pro-growth. More likely, we'll eventually experience something seismic on the regulatory front akin to what we witnessed in September 2008, and that remains the single biggest risk for the bears.

There are two forward paths: On one side is debt destruction, asset class deflation, and an outside-in globalization once the dust settles. On the other we continue to give the global drunk another drink with hopes he doesn't sober up. The sad truth is that he one day will and our children will be forced to pick up the bar tab if we don't change our ways, and soon.
As we together find our way, prices will serve as the ultimate arbiter of variant views and the friction between opinions will be where true education is found. That's why it's so important to understand the crosscurrents, respect potential catalysts, and assimilate them into your risk profile.

There's no shame in admitting it's hard, there's only shame in pretending it's not. As we edge though this age of austerity, navigate the increasingly complex societal structure, and find our way to better days, I will simply offer that those who aspire to the lifestyles of the rich and famous should be careful for what they wish.
Minggu, 22 Mei 2011

Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global, worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for trading currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.[1]
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of
  • its huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity;
  • its geographical dispersion;
  • its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday;
  • the variety of factors that affect exchange rates;
  • the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and
  • the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size.
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks. According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.[4]
The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows:

Market Size and liquidity

The foreign exchange market is the most liquid financial market in the world. Traders include large banks, central banks, institutional investors, currency speculators, corporations, governments, other financial institutions, and retail investors. The average daily turnover in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. According to the 2010 Triennial Central Bank Survey, coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements, average daily turnover was US$3.98 trillion in April 2010 (vs $1.7 trillion in 1998).[3] Of this $3.98 trillion, $1.5 trillion was spot foreign exchange transactions and $2.5 trillion was traded in outright forwards, FX swaps and other currency derivatives.

Trading in the UK accounted for 36.7% of the total, making UK by far the most important global center for foreign exchange trading. In second and third places, respectively, trading in the USA accounted for 17.9%, and Japan accounted for 6.2%.[5]
Turnover of exchange-traded foreign exchange futures and options have grown rapidly in recent years, reaching $166 billion in April 2010 (double the turnover recorded in April 2007). Exchange-traded currency derivatives represent 4% of OTC foreign exchange turnover. FX futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts.
Most developed countries permit the trading of FX derivative products (like currency futures and options on currency futures) on their exchanges. All these developed countries already have fully convertible capital accounts. A number of emerging countries do not permit FX derivative products on their exchanges in view of controls on the capital accounts. The use of foreign exchange derivatives is growing in many emerging economies.[6] Countries such as Korea, South Africa, and India have established currency futures exchanges, despite having some controls on the capital account.

Foreign exchange trading increased by 20% between April 2007 and April 2010 and has more than doubled since 2004.[8] The increase in turnover is due to a number of factors: the growing importance of foreign exchange as an asset class, the increased trading activity of high-frequency traders, and the emergence of retail investors as an important market segment. The growth of electronic execution methods and the diverse selection of execution venues have lowered transaction costs, increased market liquidity, and attracted greater participation from many customer types. In particular, electronic trading via online portals has made it easier for retail traders to trade in the foreign exchange market. By 2010, retail trading is estimated to account for up to 10% of spot FX turnover, or $150 billion per day (see retail trading platforms).
Because foreign exchange is an OTC market where brokers/dealers negotiate directly with one another, there is no central exchange or clearing house. The biggest geographic trading centre is the UK, primarily London, which according to TheCityUK estimates has increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from 34.6% in April 2007 to 36.7% in April 2010. Due to London's dominance in the market, a particular currency's quoted price is usually the London market price. For instance, when the IMF calculates the value of its SDRs every day, they use the London market prices at noon that day.
     
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